This is a listing of high latitude CMEs in the Ulysses literature. After reading Max's paper, I went through the other papers and made up the list. I then sat down and tried to figure at what time the CMEs would most likely have left the Sun, and when they would have passed Earth, assuming that they were large enough to have done so. That this is not an unreasonable hypothesis is demonstrated by the April 21, 1994 Ulysses event which is most likely a CME that also produced a geomagnetic storm on April 16-17, 1994. In this case we have a latitudinal width of nearly 55 degrees (more on this below). I had several aims in mind. First, if we could use the geomagnetic data as a proxy for CME passage, a rough extension of Max's analysis could be done for a much larger sample of events. Second, that it is in general of interest to work up the associations of CME events between Yohkoh, Earth, and Ulysses. This is directly related to both Loretta's paper, and the GEM project, as well as the significant issues of the Yohkoh signatures of CMEs, and the apparent complex relation between events at all three locations; eg. why didn't the April 21, 1994 Ulysses data show a flux rope signature, when similar Yohkoh-associated events did? In looking for Geomagnetic effects I have started with the Gottingen Kp data, which shows the timing for all large storms. Here are my notes for the individual cases: Solar Earth Ulysses ----- ----- ------- 11/29/92 S15W90?? LL 12/25/92 SE switchback 12/28-29/92 Kp=6+ 1/9/93 S20W50 Comments: This is the event discussed by Hammond et al. I have noted that there was a geo-magnetic storm during roughly the same period that Geotail was seeing the CME. I had at first though to associate this with a large south polar crown event which starts near east 60 late on 12/24/92, and from about 12:00 lights up the whole south polar crown filamentary fields, all the way across the disk. Since I recently was able to check Ulysses longitudinal position I went back to look for events in the western hemisphere. There was a large active AR passing over the limb on 12/20-21/92 which might be relevant. Then on early on 12/22/92 there was a medium scale diffuse event near Sun center. There is another AR related expansion in front of the SW limb (S ??) on 12/24, and finally another medium scale event from SC to the south about 00:00UT 12/25. I should note that given the identification with the 12/28-29/92 geomagnetic storm your estimations of the lift off time early on 12/23/92 seem a little early, so I am tempted to favor events on 12/24-25/12, as a rough calculation using the Earth/Geotail data and the Ulysses data given a speed of roughly 3 days / AU. I suppose the similarity of the 12/25/92 polar crown event with the 4/14/94 event with its large scale and known southward fields would still be my favorite, but there are other things going on. 5/31-6/1 Estimate 6/4-5/93 Kp=6 6/11/93 S32.5E90 LL Comments: This is the first of the forward-reverse shock events, and the first south of the edge of the heliospheric current sheet. It is also one of 3 very wide events. The estimated time at Earth was 23:00 6/3/93. There was elevated activity from early on 6/3, with a jump in intensity in the first 6 hrs of 6/4. The peak of Kp=6 came during the 9-12UT interval. Activity slowly tailed off over several days. In Yohkoh there are several events in the 5/13-6/1 time frame. A large diffuse active latitude event on 5/31, and an east limb event on 6/1. I need to check again to see if this is the same as the east limb event that you quote Dr. Hiei on. Most probably it is. There was also a large coronal hole on 6/1. 7/10-12/93 Estimate 7/14/93 Estimate 7/22/93 S35E150 Comments: This was the widest of the events (in time) and also the slowest. I believe you suggest that this one may have been being pushed by faster solar wind behind it. There was "next to nothing" in the Gottingen which is not surprising given Ulysses position on the other side of the Sun from Earth. In the Yohkoh data there was an on 7/10 which I have noted as being at or beyond the east limb which might have something to do with what Ulysses saw. 8/14-15/93 8/16-17 SC Kp=7 8/24/93 S37E175 Comments: This was a very fast event that was suspected of not being a CME. It was compact in time like all the events except the 3 wide ones. Since Ulysses was nearly opposite Earth it is unlikely that it has any relation to anything at Earth, or that we could see on the Sun. However, it should be noted that there was a huge south polar crown event on August 14-15 which was visible at both limbs and eventually spanned the visible disk. It is possible that it went far enough behind one (or both) limbs to have impacted Ulysses. 8/19-22/93 Estimate 8/22/93 Estimate 8/29/93 S38 E185 Comments: This was the third broad event (though the least broad of the three). Again Ulysses is right behind the Sun, so a lack of anything in either the geo-magnetic data or the Yohkoh data is not surprising. It was in fact a very quiet period at Earth. 8/27-30/93 Estimate 8/31/93 Estimate 9/6/93 S39 E190 Comments: This was a compact event suspected of not being a CME. Again there is nothing obvious at Earth (very quiet until 9/3/93) or in the Yohkoh data. 10/2-3/93 Estimate 10/5/93 Estimate 10/12/93 S41 W150 Comments: This was a compact event, the third suspected of not being a CME. There was no significantly elevated Kp at Earth, although a sudden commencement is indicated for 10/6. Yohkoh shows an event evolving from the backside onto the disk at the SE limb on 10/2-4/93. If this extended far enough behind the limb it could well have impacted Ulysses. I will check to see if any determination can be made. 2/1/94 2/6-8/94 SC Kp=6+ 2/10/94 S53 W30 LL Comments: This was a compact event at Ulysses, identified as a CME. At Earth the activity of 2/6-8/94 is the first part of 12 days of elevated Kp, which is probably related to the south polar coronal hole extensions high speed stream. This was a recurring feature and shows up for 5-6 months in the Kp data, often with a storm near the front end. I note that my estimated time was 2/5/94/ There was a large amount of activity along the south polar crown from central meridian to the west limb starting on 1/31/94 and lasting until 2/2/94. This moved from the limb onto the disk, and involved 2 or 3 separate events. There was also an equatorial west limb CME on 1/29/94. The concern is that all these events are earlier than the estimated 2/2-3/94 departure time, and the events at Earth suggest that this is itself too early. 2/18-19/94 2/21-22/94 SC Kp=7+ 2/28/94 S54 W10 LL Comments: This was a compact Ulysses CME with forward and reverse shocks. There was a large geomagnetic storm which is not associated with the major recurrence pattern during this period. In my Yohkoh notes I list a large H alpha eruption at N10 E5 on 2/20/94, observed at Hida. The large northern polar extension was also in transit, the same region as erupted on April 14, 1994. The GRL shock-pair paper identifies this with "a large solar event observed by Yohkoh on February 20". The large AR is transitting along N15. There seem to be several eruptions here on February 20-21, 1994. Need to check which is the H alpha event. Also recheck the video. 4/14-15 mega polar 4/16-17/94 SC Kp=8+ 4/21/94 S61 E60 LL Comments: The third forward-reverse shock pair event. This seems well associated with the 4/16-17/94 geomagnetic storm and the 4/14/94 south polar crown eruption seen by Yohkoh. One point to make here about the CME size. On the disk it has a latitudinal extent of about 50 degrees (S10-S60) in part because its axis runs slightly SE-NW. Thus (with Earth at S6) its foot print already includes both Earth and Ulysses at its edges. It may expand even further in interplanetary space. ******************** Overall comments etc. I have been eyeballing the longitudes from the Ulysses orbit plot, so more precise values should be inserted. Also I have yet to make a second pass through the Yohkoh data for 1993-1994, which I will soon do, and so many of the times I have listed are rough, being taken from the video on the fly. One of the things I was beginning to experiment with was more precise estimates of the CME transit time based on using the expansion speed estimates at Ulysses. As noted in at least one paper, if you extrapolate back to the Sun you get large widths, which indicates that the CMEs expand more rapidly at some point closer to the Sun and that their expansion rate is slowing as they pass Ulysses. Using separate extrapolations backward for the FR shocks and the bulk of the CME may allow better limits on the departure time. As noted above, for the cases where the CMEs seem to have passed Earth as well as Ulysses, it would be possible to estimate the shear, based on velocity estimations, and perhaps put together some form of composite (assuming roughly constant high latitude solar wind speeds etc.). I also hope that this may be part of a list which can be used in working towards a better understanding of which Solar events Ulysses sees, what form they take and perhaps even why. As a first step that would involve Loretta's paper working from Ulysses back to the Sun, for which I hope this list is useful. In the next few weeks I will be going through the Yohkoh data again and will work up a full listing of known and possible interplanetary events based on the geomagnetic record and the Yohkoh data as well as Ulysses data. I intend, in particular, to try to make a list of solar events similar to the ones that Ulysses has seen in order to compare it with the Ulysses record. It would then be possible to do an inverse study and check the Ulysses data to see what did turn up.